British Isles

Heads of Ireland

-following Great Irish Rebellion (1796-1801), decides to incorporate Ireland into Britain

-because does not trust unhinged Irish Tories

-and so that he can enact Catholic emancipation to split Catholic-Dissenter alliance

-after bribing the Irish Parliament in exile, achieves Acts of Union in 1797

-but George III refuses to go along with Catholic emancipation

-leading Pitt the Younger to resign

1803 def. Charles James Fox (Whig)

1810 def. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (Whig)

-after Charles James Fox toasts to "Our Sovereign's Health, the Majesty of the People", Addington and King have him sent into Tower of London

-when Whig frontbench continue toast, they too are arrested

-eventually freed in 1801 when government concludes it to be pointless to continue on with it

-Great Irish Rebellion sees end, with Hoche's army defeated and Hoche killed in 1799

-concludes French Wars > First French War (1792-1804) in 1804 with final peace

-semi-detached pittites exist, later absorbed into addingtonian coalition

-heavy repression of radicals post-war

-charles james fox proposes ban on slave trade just before death in 1807, but it fails

-hampden clubs set up by radicals, shut down

-corn laws passed, despite different commercial climate rising american grain still makes landlords want to increase price of their grain

-radical movement reemerges, but is low level and repressed heavily

-amends toleration act to restrict Dissenter minister licenses to only "respectables" in 1806, results in mass movement by dissenters

-eventually, connections to catholic emancipation and parl reform form

-irish presbyterians angered, religious liberty assoc led by catholic lawyer daniel o'connell gains momentum

-george iii mental illness occurs

-with Prince Regent becoming vested with powers, he rescinds royal support

-and Addington's policies seeing rising opposition, only requires push to collapse

-prince regent forms coalition with him as head, with support of many tories

-pushes through ban of slave trade once and for all after much effort on its part

-amends toleration act, but due to the House of Lords being very reluctant it is not a full restoration of religious liberty

-but efforts to push through catholic emancipation fail due to administration's extreme heterogeneity, and so do efforts to fully restore toleration act

-results in ministry falling apart and restoration of tory rule

1817 def. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (Whig)

1820 def. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (Whig)

-sort of liberalizing figure, also supportive of catholic emancipation on principle

-however, continues predecessors' authoritarian attributes, addington his home minister

-year of no summer occurs, worsens economic problems and results in mass radicalism strengthening

-daniel o'connell's religious liberty assoc for eradication of all religious barriers strengthens with both irish catholic and dissenter support with monster meetings, gets repressed but o'connell does not do civil disobedience

-radical crowd meets in st. peter's fields, manchester, gets massacred in 1820

-large controversy, results in more protest and abortive rising in northern england

-govt issues new repressive acts

-attempts to move towards catholic emancipation refused by right wing of tory party

-sees beginning of French Wars > Second French War (1821-32) with france due to interception of french navy, but hostility to reactionary powers harms war effort

-but suffers from recurrent black-outs where he sits in place unaware of surroundings, in middle of debate during war this happens

-results in him getting forced out

1824 def. Earl Grey (Whig)

1827: Overthrown in Popular Revolution

-deeply reactionary and repressive

-successfully gets reactionary powers to join war with exceptional skill

-involved in war in mainland against france, tries and fails to invade batavian republic

-richard carlile placed on death row for treason and blasphemy, other radicals deported

-arrests Whitbread for making toast to "Our Sovereign, the Majesty of the People"

-invades venezuela with francisco de miranda as its head, establishes british inspired republic under british protection ("colombia", includes venezuela + small sliver of new granada)

-fall of buenos aires to spain after semi-successful republican revolution

-famine and attempts at rebellion in ireland, bad stuff happens but no french invasion due to lack of support and people starving too much to rise up

-protest at Clontarf by O'Connellites ends up with protestors getting massacred

-holds speeches rigidly opposed to reform, accuses whigs and radicals of being "jacobins"

-supported firmly in these actions by king frederick

-giant riots in manchester, liverpool, birmingham, Nottingham, Bristol that end up forcing authorities to flee

-naval mutiny, blockade of London by ships

-after rioters in london storm tower of london and free whitbread, londonderry flees to hanover along with king frederick and some other tories

-parliament calls for convention

-prev appointed as lord privy seal in moira cabinet, incl. into privy council, was never removed

-result was when popular revolution happened, was one of the last privy councillors still left in british isles

-thus was made unofficial president of privy council, to lead british provisional administration

-angered by bentham's "constitutional code" and its republicanism after its presentation

-signs peace treaty with france establishing status quo ante bellum

-forces spain to recognize colombia, which now includes buenos aires

-got irritated with convention parliament after it refused to elect duke of cambridge as king due to suspicion of military, left and retired to his estate

-forced to accept real relief programs in ireland like soup kitchens as cost of irish nationalist support for convention

-after many failed attempts to elect a palatable king (from guelphs, or a german noble house, or even aristocratic britons), decided to kick issue to the curb on belief that uncertainty would embolden extremism

-adolphus duke of cambridge failed because viewed as militarist

-william failed because implicated in wartime effort, also is reluctant

-ernest augustus failed because reactionary as hell

-Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh refuses throne because opposes revolution, also he is viewed as insane

-attempts to get german princeling on throne, most famously leopold, sees opposition because militaristic and also foreigner

-some british aristocrats of royal blood requested, even earl castle stewart, but all refuse, consider it too absurd and so does public

-results in selection of him as "lord chief magistrate" with body of lord regents, provisionally of course

-constitution consists of charter of liberty and security, with an elaborate list of rights, and a frame of government, describing a compromise of the whig and radical views of the constitution, with commons with single-member grand divisions elected by household suffrage

1830 def. Lord Ellenborough (Latitudinarian Tory), Joseph Hume (Philosophic Radical), Lord Eldon (High Tory), Daniel O'Connell (Irish Nationalist), Francis Burdett (Country Radical), Henry Hunt (Advanced Radical)

-serves provisionally as pm during delimitation period, attempts to push against growing extreme radicalism with some success

-gets weak majority after election

-abolishes slavery forever, with phaseout period concluding in 1837 and compensation to be decided later

-due to o'connell being violently opposed to compensation

-phases out soup kitchens and other irish relief

-refusal to give mountain whigs many positions results in party split, forced to resign from power

-moves his radical whig faction over to the main radical faction, forms weak majority

-abolishes tithes, tax for church revenues made much smaller and folded into other taxes

-many lords panic at this, come back

-after commission on the subject reveals cartoonish corruption, attempts to reform municipal govt, but lords refuse to pass, whitbread calls election, loses his slim majority

1833 def. Samuel Whitbread (Mountain Whig), Joseph Hume (Philosophic Radical), Lord Ellenborough (Latitudinarian Tory), Daniel O'Connell (Irish Nationalist), Lord Eldon (High Tory), Francis Burdett (Country Radical)

-negotiations after inconclusive election result in minority govt led by weak head

-samuel whitbread unites mountain whigs and philosophic radicals with Reform Club Adddress, for common agenda in the name of the radical reformed constitution, formation of radical party

-attempts to pass watered down municipal reform bill, voted down in lords, calls election over law

-but result is radicalized vote base voting for more comprehensive reform

1834 (Crown and Anchor Association) def. John Russell (Moderate Whig), William Huskisson (Huskissonite Tory), Lord Ellenborough (Latitudinarian Tory), Lord Eldon (High Tory), Francis Burdett (Tory Radical)

-wins election, becomes pm

-passes through municipal reform through ennoblement of 20 peers, threat of further ennoblement results in abstention of opponents

-municipal govts now consist of elected aldermen to pass acts, who elect local magistrate

-auditing enhanced like never before

-establishes density requirements for incorporation which excludes a bunch of boroughs, also makes new boroughs and makes process for more

-enforced on all boroughs, including city of london

-parliament gets burned down by Orange Order protest in 1834 over Municipal Reform Act

-Whitbread takes advantage of this situation, denouces Orangism as a terrorist movement at site of burned parliament

-comparing them to Jacobins, states they would establish anti-revolutionary tribunals if they ever came to power

-this and associated violence entirely shifts government positions on policing

-and Whitbread establishes county polices, a Metropolitan Police around London

-with British police known even to this day as "sammies"

-Orangemen banned as a terrorist group

-with them splitting up and birthing brand new secret societies in its wake

-abolishes corn law in 1835 due to radical support, results in whig-tories splitting between free traders and protectionists

-abolishes guy fawkes day after it becomes day of major violence from scarletmen, replaces with glorious revolution commemoration ("Landing Day") which ignores all inherent anti-catholicism

-also commemorations for ratification of bill of rights, and of magna carta

-criminalizes associated activities

-after bank of england near collapse, whitbread creates united bank of the british isles with custody of govt deposits

-with bank entirely separated from government as part of it

-to satisfy influence of hard money radicals, notes required to only be made at 1.5:1 ratio to gold reserves

-bank of england notes left uncertain, only in 1847 does united bank have reserves to allow for their conversion

-after much negotiation with hardline diehard anti-slavery man o'connell, ends slavery with compensation early in 1834

-compensation only given to orphans, widows, and other "impoverished" named in bill, also large compensation to "enough" lords to get bill through

-criminal code, commercial code, procedural code passed with criminal and procedural law substantially reformed

-appoints henry brougham as justice minister, he does a lot of reforms in this role

-reduces bloodiness of criminal law, reduces death penalty to murder and treason

-establishes county councils

-metricates british measurements

-erects neoclassical "senate house" for parliament in wake of burn down

-is a temple of whiggishness right down to statues to hampden, sidney, and fox

-horseshoe-shaped seating for parliament houses

-supports a brief intervention in tripolitania to establish an enlightened despotism with bentham-influenced hassuna d'ghies as chief minister, results in british influence which grows over time

-loses election due to all the controversy and accusations of centralizing government

-his death and funeral is important moment, his body carried to cheers of "Whitbread and Liberty"

1837 def. Samuel Whitbread (Radical), Joseph Hume (Philosophic Radical), Lord George Bentinck (Corn Law Tory), Lord Eldon (High Tory), Francis Burdett (Tory Radical)

-attempts to widen coalition as much as possible by handing out patronage, but doesn't really succeed

-establishes county councils with each having certain local powers and a higher property qualification than main parliament

-new poor law (indigence relief code) gets passed

-unlike otl though, it contains emergency provisions for outdoor relief (whitbread supported emergency minimum wage laws in otl)

-results in rise of advanced radicals advocating manhood suffrage, as well as scarlet order advocating a despotic monarchy

-new irish coercion act results in o'connell ending experiment in radical fusionism, returning to repeal issue

-causes crisis, almost enough for him to be no confidence'd

-following death of Lord Holland, tries to make his son Chief Magistrate

-he clearly does want to do this to make him king

-but refused by his own Tory supporters, ministry collapsed

-faced with weak minority govt

-o'connell's break from radical fusionism in favor of repealism divides radicals

-and monster rallies unnerve many

-reforms vestries, sanitary reforms

-but ministry in the end collapses, russell returns to power with allies tied up

1840 (Bedford House Compact) def. John C. Hobhouse (Radical), Lord George Bentinck (Corn Law Tory), Daniel O'Connell (Repeal), Lord Marlborough (High Tory), Francis Burdett (Tory Radical)

1843 def. Charles Pelham Villiers (Radical), William Gladstone (Traditional), Daniel O'Connell (Repeal), Lord John Manners (Tory Radical)

-tries to repeal suffrage for city freeholders in cynical bill including it with some reform, fails and, after he loses his majority, calls new election

-sees rise of Russia's Wars > Turkish War of Succession (1841-4)

-cause of the Circassian becomes major in the British Isles

-intervention in Circassian war, with Franco-British armies gathered there

-widely popular, with Russell only willing to touch it lightly

-attempts by some Radicals who oppose it to bring down ministry fail

-but nevertheless strengthens his position and lets him get some radicals on board for a while

-tries motion to elect duke of cambridge, but fails due to huskissonites supporting son of hanover elector as king, results in temporary party split and election

-villiers chosen because he's radical and also of aristocratic blood

-mainly focused on budget, reduces tariffs and establishes near-total free trade

-creates a health care authority influenced by benthamite thought, accused of centralism

-budget of 1845 fails to get passed through parliament, results in resignation

-reforms secret ballot to have ballots on tabletop

-with voters putting appropriate ballot inside envelope locked with adhesive

-enveloped ballots placed inside clear-glassed ballot box (to show no rigging)

-and this box carried in the open to center of election office to be counted in full public view

-revolutionary effects on politics, calms elections forever

-vote of no confidence ousts him

-lord russell goes away to sulk over institution of secret ballot

-caretaker administration marked with attempts at legislation, but quickly dissipates

-irish coercion act issued, proves massively unpopular

-hammered in 1846

1846 def. Henry Petty, Lord Lansdowne (Moderate), William Gladstone (Traditional), Daniel O'Connell (Repeal), William Smith O'Brien (Irish Confederation), Lord John Manners (Tory Radical)

1847 def. Henry Petty, Lord Lansdowne (Moderate), Lord Marlborough (Anti-Repeal Traditional), William Smith O'Brien (Irish Confederation), William Gladstone (Repeal Traditional), Lord John Manners (Tory Radical)

1850 def. Henry Petty, Lord Lansdowne (Moderate), Lord Marlborough (Anti-Repeal Traditional), Richard Cobden (Peace Radical), William Gladstone (Repeal Traditional), Lord John Manners (Tory Radical), D'Arcy McGee (Irish Catholic), William Smith O'Brien (Irish Confederation)

1853 def. Lord John Russell (Moderate), William Gladstone (Traditional), D'Arcy McGee (Irish Catholic), Isaac Butt (Irish Moderate), Lord John Manners (Tory Radical)

1856 def. Lord John Russell (Moderate), William Gladstone (Traditional), Lord John Manners (Tory Radical)

-henry brougham refused again, party establishment chose lawson instead because he's an aristocrat and also radical

-"people's PM", aristocracy suspicious of his radicalism and advanced radicals suspicious of his moderation

-expands electorate to all men except those getting poor law relief, establishing near-universal male suffrage

-in 1847 establishes two-tiered irish legislature, with legislative assembly, legislative council, after negotiation with o'connell, confirmatory election, and mass ennoblement to ratify

-given local powers of legislation and power over certain ministries

-chief secretary of ireland is charles herbert, an irish radical, and convention of assembly responsibility later established

-intervenes militarily in British Wars > New Granadine War of Independence (1848-52) in name of representative government, expands colombian federation to include all of new granada and buenos aires in a war britain fought largely at sea

-wins popularity, wins elections due to this war and some goodwill from otherwise suspicious ultraradicals

-and is able to push railroad investments in early 1850s

-measure a lot of people advocated for, but financial chaos has made this impossible

-but now the United Bank of the British Isles is solid, has stable gold reserves, and can now make loans and all

-allowing for a Railway Mania (Railways > ^fb4584) to develop

-but also loses ground with catholic church,

-as the pope in exile in madrid here, by going to war with Spain puts him in very touchy situation as many view him as having gone to war with the Pope

-disestablishes anglicanism in a sympathetic manner, only nationalizes some properties

-but more pertinently, also removes the bishops from the lords

-wins in 1853 with victory euphoria in the "scarlet election"

-however, faced with rising tensions with China over illicit opium trade, results in China destroying opium and British Wars > Opium Expedition (1853-4) (Heads of China > ^18e229)

-faced with divided party, simultaneously declares war on China, makes opium illegal

-declares it is a cause in the name of ensuring free trade, and to keep temperance aside he does so

-though his party does split, he feels he has made it as small as possible

-wins war after achieving some port concessions

-however, opium trade not gone away, instead princely state of Maharashtra funnels it through nominally independent Goa

-and Lawson faced with rising questions over his actions

-already faced with crisis over catholic schooling, opium war adds to questionable elements of peace, results in backbencher revolt

-as well as popping of Land Mania of selloff of Crown lands, worsened by selloff of Church lands by a Church going through financial issues

-United Bank of British Isles looks pretty good at the end, minimal bad investments, but still clear there's an economic crisis

-loses next election

1859 def. Matthew Talbot Baines (Radical), William Gladstone (Traditional)

-resigned to increasingly democratic government, but nevertheless promotes arrangements like representation by sector to reduce danger of democratization

-next election results in moderate victory

-tries again to end "regency" and establish monarchy (but with the king having the populist title "king of the britons") after ex-tories accept it, fails and causes anti-lawson radicals to move back

-defeated in the Lords after massive, gigantic outcry, sparking a general election

-Russell defeated in election

1861 def. Lord John Russell (Moderate), William Gladstone (Traditional)

-party establishment chose baines because he's a commoner and radical, but not too radical

-chief magistrate folkestone retires, charles ponsonby (radical grandee, aristocrat) elected in place, him definitively accepting that no monarch would be acceptable to britain's people

-holds election in 1861, wins majority not as strong as many would have thought

-formally abolishes aristocracy, knighthood, but instates an honour system

-gets in fights with cabinet members due to arrogance, accused of despotic tendencies with cromwell comparisons abounding

-railway scandal, with numerous bribes from private interests to government members revealed

-loses 1864 election, dies soon afterwards

1864 def. Matthew Talbot Baines (Radical), William Gladstone (Traditional)

1867 def. Matthew Talbot Baines (Radical), William Gladstone (Traditional)

-accepts lawson's reforms for the most part

-suspicious of france despite longstanding warm relations, increasingly aligns with austria despite its hated depotism

-appoints non-aristocrats in cabinet due to his own aristocratic tendencies being met with much questioning

-refuses to intervene in buenaventura revolution in northern new spain due to opposition to intense radicalism of revolutionaries, but american intervention means its independence anyways

-reforms house of lords dramatically, adding half elective element and half representative peers

-dies in 1869, legacy of preserving reformism lives on

1870 def. John Morley (Radical)

1873 def. John Morley (Radical)

-served as finance minister, ascended to the post with grey's death

-faced with rising crisis over american civil war, links result in deterioration of many sectors

-irish land movement makes a great entry onto the scene, feeds into thirst for nationalism and gaelic revival

-following the united states' secession war in 1875, his alleged anti-union attitudes feeds into radical sympathies for the union, helping to cause his party's grand defeat in 1876

1876 def. Thomas Baring (Moderate)

1879 def. [name](Moderate), D'Arcy McGee (Catholic)

1882 def. Lord Spencer Cavendish (Moderate), D'Arcy McGee (Catholic)

-was full-throated supporter of constitutionalist side of acw, its eventual victory regarded as intl victory for radicalism

-passes agrarian reforms aimed at calming agrarian crisis

-passes ambitious irish land reforms, codifying custom of ulster and allowing tenant land purchase

-gets irish responsible govt done

-further systemization of education results in radicals losing ground in ireland

-as its separation of religion and state done at expense of Catholic subsidies from the state

-results in formation of splinter Catholic Party with Irish (and one Liverpool MP) representation

-with rise of French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4), Morley opposes intervention because he opposes war altogether

-and successfully mediates peace between france and germany in 1884

-many regard this as dubious b/c it means a huge Habsburg "Universal Monarchy"

-final achievement is massively controversial formation of International Forum, as well as court of arbitration attached (connected to his anti-war beliefs)

1885 (min.) John Morley (Radical), D'Arcy McGee (Catholic)

1888 def. John Morley (Radical), William Frost (Independent Democratic), D'Arcy McGee (Catholic)

-sees "diplomatic revolution" bringing in batavian republic into british orbit, causes major crisis in netherlands

-faced with Laurentia crisis (Heads of Laurentia > 1886-1888 François Mercier (Société des Laurentiens Unis))

-massive crisis threatening to block the St. Lawrence

-successfully is able to make his opponents look weak

-when Morley makes an ill-timed statement for giving Laurentia independence

-shortly after 1888 election, crisis resolved by giving Laurentia near-total autonomy

-towards the end, faced with beginning of French Wars > Fifth French War (1890-5)

-his desires to intervene on side of Hungarians very obvious, interferes with antiwar Radicals

1891 (Coalition with Moderates) def. Charles Dilke (Radical-Democratic), Lord Spender Cavendish (Moderate), [name](Cooperative)

-moderates lose majority, forced to negotiate with independent radicals and make one of them pm

-eventually coalition collapses

-over resolution on sanctioning Germany during war, which many view as prelude to entry

-moderates trot along, kept aloft by enough independent radical votes

-but lose that post-election

1894 (Coalition with Moderates) def. Charles James Fox Martineau (Radical-Democratic), Lord Spender Cavendish (Moderate), [name](Vane Club Moderate), [name](Cooperative)

-moderates forced into another coalition, with dissendious moderates meeting at the vane club

1897 def. Lord Spencer Cavendish (Moderate), William Howard Parnell (Independent Radical), [name](Cooperative)

1900 def. [some name](Moderate), [some name](Independent Radical), [name](Cooperative)

1903 def. [some name](Moderate), [some name](Independent Radical), [name](Cooperative)

1906 def. [some name](Moderate), [some name](Independent Radical), [name](Cooperative)

-first dissenter pm

-universal suffrage established

-old-age pensions established

-commonly accused of being a paineite

-labour component in party

1909 def. [some name](Moderate), [some name](Old Radical), [name](Cooperative)

1912 def. [some name](Moderate), [name](Cooperative)

-breakdown in ministry, no majority can be made, causes election

1915 def. Jesse Boot (Radical)

1918 def. Jesse Boot (Radical)

-mass controversy over discovery of bribery in both moderate and radical circles, radicals take advantage and discuss abolition of hereditary peerage

1921 def. [some name](Moderate)

1924 def. William Lansbury (Radical)

1927 def. [name](Moderate)

1930 def. [name](Moderate)

-dovish stance loses him support

-when outrage in british raj happens, lansbury's refusal to do autocratic stuff loses him supporters

1933 def. William Lansbury (Radical)

1936 (Indian Emergency Coalition) def. [name](Radical), [name](National Radical)

-emergency coalition forms following outbreak of British Wars > Hindustani War of Independence (1936-9)

-radicals' deep division of war sees brown form national coalition to unify most imperialist radicals into party

-openly accuses radicals of disloyalty

-when it becomes clear british isles has lost control of army in hindustan, he sucks it up and forms peace deal

-engages in replacement of officers and all, keeps natl radicals in court

-peace deal comes to an end when british officers attempt to coup republican administration

-sees increasingly extreme opposition by radicals

-proposes press bill which allows him to suppress opposition

-sees outrage even by many natl radicals, but gets passed nonetheless

-chief magistrate, however, decides to veto act and declares so after second reading

-as under constitution can do nothing except under the consent of ministers, removes cabinet

-former Speaker of House of Commons

-selected because opposes press bill

-sees veto of press bill, prorogues Parliament

-and when this predictably causes mass outrage Chief Magistrate dissolves parliament and pledges to resign following end of crisis

1938 (Peace & Liberty Coalition) def. Alfred Brown (Moderate), [name](Cooperative (Coalition)), [name](National Radical), [name](Burke Club Moderate), [name](Cooperative (Anti-Coalition))

1941 def. Alfred Brown (Moderate), [name]

1944 def.

1947 def.

-radicals win majority, eke it up with alliance with some cooperativists

-along with alliance with anti-war Burke Club Moderates

-press bill dead on arrival

-removes out-of-control british troops from much of india

-enters into negotiations with hindustan, and treaty of port nord-ouest (1939) ends war

-spends rest of decade attempting to reinvent the empire

-most of british india becomes independent in this period, but with a keen eye to making these new countries work for british isles

-dismal decade, with montagu not terribly popular but wins small consistent majorities nonetheless

1950 def.

1797-1820: George III [George IV regent from 1813]

1820-1824: George IV

1824-1827: Frederick I

-formally invested soon into Revolution "provisionally"

-invested because he was nephew of revolutionary predecessor Charles James Fox

-serves well

-accepts unprecedented supremacy of Parliament

-goes ahead with mass ennoblement

-during Orange Riots of 1834, successfully convenes Parliament, makes decrees with his ministers against it

-dies and his body lies in state at Old Palace Yard (Westminster Hall still in rubble)

-attempt to give Lord Holland's son the crown defeated

-instead brief Heads of British Isles > 1839-1840 John C. Hobhouse (Radical) administration successfully pushes through a radical from the aristocracy

-inaugurated at New Palace Yard

-as Westminster Hall still has broken walls, rubble of roof, despite reconstruction

-willing to work with any administration that has power

-despite his radical sympathies

-during periods of instability tries to promote radical governments with partial success

-with Lawson era stability his power weakens further

1871: Made formally elective by Senate of Parliament

1901: Ten-year term limit imposed

-vetoed press bill

Frederick I, Elector of Hanover

-as Elector of Hanover, faced with French Wars > Second French War (1821-32) for rest of his life

-dies very bitter man

Edward I, Elector of Hanover

Ernest I, Elector of Hanover

-founds Ernstshaven [Bremerhaven]as port and center of navy

-tries to support loyalists in Nova Scotia

-forts in Madagascar

-becomes major part of colonial attempts in New Zealand

-as Protestant supremacist, fosters growth of Orange Order in Britain

-and serves as its Grand Master

-Orange Riots of 1834 and looting and burning of Palace of Westminster by them doesn't help his case

-results in him being attainted by Parliament

-does very badly hamper restoration cause by his unpopularity

-though there's still a movement for making one of his relatives king

-interferes with church affairs a lot in fear of spread of revolutionary ideologies

-and because of his experience as a Brit

-but masked due to French Wars > Third French War (1847-1854) breaking out

George V, Elector of Hanover

-following war, rising movement for Protestant synods and ecumenism across Germany incl. Hanover

-but as far as George V is concerned this is a movement of Puritan republicanism

-causes major crisis following issuing of catechism

-Source

-spirals out of control

-opponents praised as modern day Luther

-riots all over the place

-and merges with liberal-revolutionary sentiments

-series of uprisings in 1860s against the elector

-due to his stance on church angering many and turning them against him

-does not provoke intervention because it implicates the church issue

-eventually suppressed

-finally other German states push George V to resign

-his successor finally accepts church synod

Ernest II, Elector of Hanover

1897: Title renounced by Treaty of Hamburg

-annexed Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel as it fell into his hands by succession

George VI, Elector of Hanover

Monika of Hanover, Electress of Hesse-Kassel

William II, Elector of Hesse-Kassel

Frederick I, Elector of Hesse-Kassel

Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velledri

Charles IV, King of Sardinia

Victor Emanuel I, King of Sardinia

Mary Beatrice of Savoy, Duchess of Freiburg

Francis I, Duke of Freiburg

Charles I, Duke of Freiburg

1897: Title renounced by Treaty of Hamburg

Francis II, Duke of Freiburg

Henry I, Duke of Freiburg

Victor I, Duke of Freiburg

Joseph I, Duke of Freiburg

-suffers egregious corruption scandal in 1809 around his mistress selling army commissions

-has extremely opulent lifestyle comparable to that of his brother

-involved deeply in unpopular war effort

-when he becomes king, is strong supporter of government's most unpopular decisions, gets hated by public

-overthrown in revolution

-rules hanover, vociferous in war effort and all, till 1834 death

-viewed as grand hope of uk, in line of succession and all

-marries william, prince of orange but dies in childbirth

-1796 french invasion of ireland sees mass panic, large run on bank devastating reserves

-results in suspension of note conversion

-only ends in 1817 after 14 years postwar of rebuilding reserves

-war again in 1821, during suppression radicals start run on bank in 1825 which results in suspension of note conversion again

-popular revolution, end of war, initially govt tries to maintain bank as bulwark against radicalism and chaos

-to maintain wartime streams of money, engages in massive amounts of speculation, hands out loans to all kinds of colonial endeavours esp in australia

-trend worsened when whitbread government fails to renew suspension of note conversion due to hard-money types in its midst

-particularly invests in "estate" in venezuela financed by french guys

-when this estate turns out to be a scam, results in devastating panic which devastates british financial system, also other colonial endeavours fail

-bank of england brought to the verge

-results in whitbread govt constituting united bank of the british isles, moving govt deposits there, and stripping all other banks of note printing powers

-bank of england attempts retrenchment to recover, but efforts fail and bank collapses

-notes remain in circulation, united bank builds up reserves for them and finally does so in 1847, allowing for note conversion for them, making them normal